So you’re looking to buy a landed property in Nigeria without proper documentation? That is like proposing to your spouse without a ring… or a surname. You might get a yes, but chances are you’ll end up in drama you didn’t sign up for.
In the Nigerian real estate market, documentation isn’t just paperwork formality, it’s your shield, your sword, and sometimes, your parachute. Yet, too many buyers treat it like a “by the way” instead of the main event. Until one morning, they discover their new “dream property” is actually part of a sacred forest, a government road project, or worse… owned by five different people (and one spiritual entity).
So, before you let your village people laugh at you for buying land that doesn’t exist or has more red flags than a dating app profile, let’s get you schooled.
Welcome to your ultimate guide on the do’s, don’ts, and deep secrets of real estate documentation in Nigeria, because when it comes to land, if it’s not on paper, it’s not yours.
In this article, we’ll walk you through everything you need to know about real estate documentation in Nigeria, the do’s and don’ts to protect your investment, and how to avoid common pitfalls.
Why Real Estate Documentation Is So Important
Documentation in real estate is far more than a bureaucratic formality, it is the very foundation of legal ownership, clearly defining your rights, responsibilities, and the legitimacy of your claim to a property. It provides the assurance that what you’re investing in is indeed yours, and more importantly, that it can be defended in a court of law if necessary.
Especially in high-demand regions like Lagos, where land-related litigation is almost as common as the traffic, it is important to treat documentation with the seriousness it deserves. The absence of the right paperwork can render even a luxurious, multi-million-naira property practically useless, leaving the “owner” entangled in protracted legal battles, uncertainty, and often, financial loss.
Real estate in Nigeria can be incredibly rewarding, but only if navigated with legal precision and due diligence. With clear documentation, you can:
- Legally transfer ownership
- Protect against fraud or impersonation
- Access financing and mortgage options
- Avoid government acquisition issues
- Have peace of mind
Essential Property Documents to Look Out For
Before you finalize any property transaction, ensure the property has one or more of the following documents:
a. Certificate of Occupancy (C of O)
This is the gold standard of land documentation in Nigeria. Issued by the state government, it certifies that the holder has been granted legal ownership for a specific term (typically 99 years).
b. Governor’s Consent
If a land with a C of O is being resold, the new buyer must obtain a Governor’s Consent to validate the transaction. This document ensures the transfer of ownership is legally recognized by the state.
c. Deed of Assignment
This shows that the seller has transferred rights and interest in the property to the buyer. It is usually backed by a survey plan and must be registered.
d. Survey Plan
A survey clearly outlines the location, dimensions, and boundaries of the land. It’s essential for confirming that the property exists where it’s claimed to be.
e. Excision and Gazette
Excision is a process by which government releases a portion of land to indigenous owners. Once excised, the land is recorded in an official government Gazette, another credible form of legal recognition.
f. Title Deed or Registered Conveyance
Older properties may come with these documents, which also confirm ownership and transfer rights.
The Do’s of Property Documentation
Do a Proper Title Search
Before buying any property, conduct a search at the Land Registry to verify the authenticity of the title and confirm there are no encumbrances or disputes.
Do Work with a Real Estate Lawyer
Never rely solely on agents or developers (Not even us). Always have a qualified lawyer help you interpret documents, verify authenticity, and prepare legal contracts.
Do Insist on Receipts and Written Agreements
Even if you’re making a partial payment or deposit, always demand receipts and a legally binding agreement that outlines terms and responsibilities.
Do Register Your Property
After acquiring property, ensure it is registered with the appropriate government authority. This final step often gets skipped but is essential for making your ownership official.
Do Confirm Land Use and Zoning
Not all land is meant for residential purposes. Confirm with relevant authorities that the land use aligns with your plans (residential, commercial, industrial, etc.).
4. The Don’ts of Property Documentation
Don’t Pay Without Verifying Documents
Avoid making payment just because the property “looks genuine” or because others are buying into it. Always verify first.
Don’t Trust Unregistered Survey Plans or Forged C of Os
Some documents might look real but are forged. Only trust surveys stamped by registered surveyors and C of Os that can be verified at the Lands Bureau.
Don’t Use Verbal Agreements
In real estate, verbal promises are not enforceable in court. Every transaction and term must be written, signed, and witnessed.
Don’t Overlook Encumbrances
Ensure the land isn’t being used as collateral, under litigation, or encumbered by a family dispute. Overlooking this could result in long-term trouble.
Don’t Work With Just Anyone
Scammers abound in the industry. Avoid using unverified agents or ‘omo-oniles’ (indigenous landowners) without legal backing.
Why Proper Documentation Justifies the Cost of Property
One of the reasons some properties are priced higher than others is due to their documentary status. A plot with a C of O, Governor’s Consent, or Registered Deed will command more than one without.
You’re not just paying for land, you’re paying for legal assurance, transferable ownership, and peace of mind. In Lagos, where litigation is rampant and land grabbing is real, spending a little more for properly documented land is a wise move, not an expense.
In real estate, documentation is not optional, it’s everything. It’s what turns land into legally owned property, and what protects your investment from future issues. Take it seriously, do your due diligence, and always work with professionals who put your interests first.
At Geoponts Properties Ltd., we pride ourselves on delivering properties with peace of mind. Every property we offer comes with verified documentation, no hidden surprises and no future regrets.
Whether you’re buying land, commercial plots, or residential estates, we’ll walk you through the documentation process transparently, professionally, and legally.
📍 Visit Us: 781 Somide Odunjinrin Avenue, Omole Phase 2, Ikeja.
📞 Call/WhatsApp: 08084410146 || 07063557501
📩 Email: geopontsproperties@gmail.com
🌐 Website: www.geopontsproperties.com
Geoponts Properties Ltd. — We sell value, backed by documents!
